Response of Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) in Alpine Grasslands to Hydrothermal and Radiative Factors Across Elevation Gradients

Ye Tian, Wan Zhang, Xiao Xu (), Bingrong Zhou, Xiaoyun Cao and Bin Qiao
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Ye Tian: School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Wan Zhang: School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Xiao Xu: Beijing Water Planning Institute, Beijing 101117, China
Bingrong Zhou: Qinghai Province Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Xining 810001, China
Xiaoyun Cao: Qinghai Province Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Xining 810001, China
Bin Qiao: Qinghai Province Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Xining 810001, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 6, 1-26

Abstract: Vegetation water-use efficiency (WUE), which represents the trade-off between carbon assimilation and water consumption, is a key indicator of ecosystem adaptation to environmental change. While previous studies have addressed the climatic controls on WUE in alpine ecosystems, the quantitative response mechanisms along elevation gradients remain insufficiently explored. This study investigated the growing season WUE patterns of alpine grasslands across elevation zones on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau by integrating partial correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings revealed a clear triphasic pattern in WUE variation: a modest increase below 3000 m, a pronounced peak near 3700 m, and a steady decline at higher elevations. The dominant hydrothermal drivers shift with elevation. At lower altitudes, WUE was primarily influenced by the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whereas soil temperature (ST) and VPD jointly govern WUE at mid-to-high altitudes. The SEM results indicated that the total effect of temperature on WUE increased from 0.51 at low elevations to 0.95 at high elevations, while the total effect of precipitation rose from −0.36 to −0.18. ST and VPD mediate the effects of temperature and precipitation on WUE, reflecting indirect and nonlinear regulatory pathways. Moreover, contribution rate analysis showed an elevation-dependent shift in WUE control: evapotranspiration (ET) exerted a dominant influence at low elevations (contribution rate: −82.50%), while net primary productivity (NPP) became the primary driver at high elevations (contribution rate: 54.71%). These findings demonstrate that alpine vegetation’s carbon–water coupling exhibits threshold-like behavior along altitudinal gradients, governed by differentiated hydrothermal constraints, offering new insights into ecosystem resilience under climate change.

Keywords: water-use efficiency; elevation gradient; hydrothermal factors; alpine grasslands; Qinghai province (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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