Investigating Spatial Heterogeneity Patterns and Coupling Coordination Effects of the Cultural Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand: A Case Study of Taiyuan City, China

Xin Huang, Cheng Li (), Jie Zhao, Shuang Chen, Minghui Gao and Haodong Liu
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Xin Huang: School of Architecture and Design, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Cheng Li: School of Architecture and Design, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Jie Zhao: School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
Shuang Chen: School of Architecture and Design, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Minghui Gao: Hebei Provincial Institute of Natural Resources Utilization Planning, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
Haodong Liu: School of Architecture and Design, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 6, 1-34

Abstract: As a vital bridge linking human well-being with ecological processes, cultural ecosystem services (CESs) play a pivotal role in understanding the equilibrium of social–ecological systems. However, the spatial supply–demand relationships of CESs remain underexplored in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study establishes an integrated framework by synthesizing multi-source geospatial data, socioeconomic indicators, and the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to investigate the spatial dynamics of CESs in Taiyuan City. Key findings include the following: (1) A pronounced spatial heterogeneity in CES supply distribution, exhibiting a core-to-periphery diminishing gradient, with inverse correlations observed among different CES categories. (2) Accessibility, topographic features, and fractional vegetation cover emerged as primary drivers of spatial supply differentiation, while climatic factors and elevation exerted non-negligible influences on this Loess Plateau urban system. (3) Four spatial mismatch patterns were identified through the supply–demand analysis: high supply–high demand (38.1%), low supply–low demand (37.2%), low supply–high demand (13.6%), and high supply–low demand (10.9%). The coupling coordination degree of CESs in Taiyuan City indicated moderate coordination, with severe imbalances observed in urban–rural transitional zones. This study reveals nonlinear interactions between natural landscapes and anthropogenic factors in shaping CES spatial distributions, particularly the trade-offs between esthetic value and transportation constraints. By integrating big data and spatial modeling, this research advances CES quantification methodologies and provides actionable insights for optimizing green infrastructure, prioritizing ecological restoration, and balancing urban–rural CES provision. These outcomes address methodological gaps in coupled social–ecological system research while informing practical spatial governance strategies.

Keywords: cultural ecosystem services; supply–demand relationships; land space planning; spatial heterogeneity; ecosystem management; human well-being (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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