Spatial Distribution and Management of Trace Elements in Arid Agricultural Systems: A Geostatistical Assessment of the Jordan Valley

Mamoun A. Gharaibeh (), Bernd Marschner, Nicolai Moos and Nikolaos Monokrousos ()
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Mamoun A. Gharaibeh: Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
Bernd Marschner: Department of Soil Science/Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
Nicolai Moos: Department of Geodesy, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, 44801 Bochum, Germany
Nikolaos Monokrousos: University Center of International Programmes of Studies, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 7, 1-20

Abstract: Sustainable land management in arid regions such as the Jordan Valley (JV) is essential as climate pressures and water shortages intensify. The extended use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation, while necessary, brings potential risks related to the accumulation of trace elements and their impact on soil health and food safety. This study examined the spatial distribution, variability, and potential sources of five trace elements (Co, Hg, Mo, Mn, and Ni) in agricultural soils across a 305 km 2 area. A total of 127 surface soil samples were collected from fields irrigated with either TWW or freshwater (FW). Trace element concentrations were consistently higher in TWW-irrigated soils, although all values remained below WHO/FAO recommended thresholds for agricultural use. Spatial modeling was conducted using both ordinary kriging (OK) and empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK), with EBK showing greater prediction accuracy based on cross-validation statistics. To explore potential sources, semivariogram modeling, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering were employed. PCA, spatial distribution patterns, correlation analysis, and comparisons between TWW and FW sources suggest that Co, Mn, Mo, and Ni are primarily influenced by anthropogenic inputs, including TWW irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and organic amendments. Co exhibited a stronger association with TWW, whereas Mn, Mo, and Ni were more closely linked to fertilizer application. In contrast, Hg appears to originate predominantly from geogenic sources. These findings provide a foundation for improved irrigation management and fertilizer application strategies, contributing to long-term soil sustainability in water-limited environments like the JV.

Keywords: trace elements; treated wastewater; empirical Bayesian kriging; arid agriculture; land management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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