Optimization and Benefit Assessment of LID Layout Based on the MCDA Approach at a Campus Scale

Zexin Lei (), Lijun Li, Yanrou Wei, Wenzheng Zhang, Junjie Luo and Xuqiang Zhao
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Zexin Lei: College of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, China
Lijun Li: College of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, China
Yanrou Wei: College of Architecture and Art, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79 West Street Yingze, Taiyuan 030024, China
Wenzheng Zhang: School of Architecture, Tianjin University, No. 92, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
Junjie Luo: College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
Xuqiang Zhao: Shanxi Academy of Social Sciences, No. 14, South Road Dachang, Taiyuan 030032, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 7, 1-25

Abstract: Low-impact development (LID) offers environmental, economic, and social benefits, yet research on optimizing facility combinations remains limited. This study evaluates four representative LID types—green roofs, sunken green spaces, permeable pavement, and rain gardens—using an integrated framework combining the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), NSGA-II genetic algorithm, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) at Taiyuan University of Technology in Shanxi Province, China. Based on site constraints, each LID type was pre-assigned to suitable subareas, and optimization focused on determining proportional allocations within these areas. SWMM simulations revealed that permeable paving achieved the highest runoff reduction (up to 19.4% at 65% coverage) and strong cost-effectiveness (0.013 USD per % reduction). NSGA-II was used to generate a set of optimal solutions by minimizing construction costs and maximizing runoff and pollutant reductions. AHP then ranked these solutions according to their environmental, economic, and social benefits. In this case, the ideal mix—subject to site-specific constraints and model assumptions—includes 28.58% green roofs, 19.37% sunken green spaces, 48.68% permeable paving, and 3.37% rain gardens. The study proposes a sponge campus renewal strategy, offering theoretical and practical insights for sustainable urban development and precise environmental management.

Keywords: stormwater management; LID layout; SWMM; NSGA-II; Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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