Expansion of Lifestyle Blocks in Peri-Urban New Zealand: A Review of the Implications for Environmental Management and Landscape Design

Han Xie, Diane Pearson (), Sarah J. McLaren and David Horne
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Han Xie: School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
Diane Pearson: School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
Sarah J. McLaren: School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand
David Horne: School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4414, New Zealand

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 7, 1-31

Abstract: Lifestyle blocks (LBs) are small rural holdings primarily used for residential and recreational purposes rather than commercial farming. Despite the rapid expansion of LBs over the last 25 years, which has been driven by lifestyle amenity preference and land subdivision incentives, their environmental performance remains understudied. This is the case even though their proliferation is leading to an irreversible loss of highly productive soils and accelerating land fragmentation in peri-urban areas. Through undertaking a systematic literature review of relevant studies on LBs in New Zealand and comparable international contexts, this paper aims to quantify existing knowledge and suggest future research needs and management strategies. It focuses on the environmental implications of LB activities in relation to water consumption, food production, energy use, and biodiversity protection. The results indicate that variation in land use practices and environmental awareness among LB owners leads to differing environmental outcomes. LBs offer opportunities for biodiversity conservation and small-scale food production through sustainable practices, while also presenting environmental challenges related to resource consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and loss of productive land for commercial agriculture. Targeted landscape design could help mitigate the environmental pressures associated with these properties while enhancing their potential to deliver ecological and sustainability benefits. The review highlights the need for further evaluation of the environmental sustainability of LBs and emphasises the importance of property design and adaptable planning policies and strategies that balance environmental sustainability, land productivity, and lifestyle owners’ aspirations. It underscores the potential for LBs to contribute positively to environmental management while addressing associated challenges, providing valuable insights for ecological conservation and sustainable land use planning.

Keywords: biodiversity conservation; environmental sustainability; greenhouse gas (GHG) emission; highly productive land; land use change; landscape strategy; smallholding (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:7:p:1447-:d:1699717

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