The Transformative Power of Ecotourism: A Comprehensive Review of Its Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts

Paulino Ricardo Cossengue, Jose Fraiz Brea and Fernando Oliveira Tavares ()
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Paulino Ricardo Cossengue: Department of Business Organisation and Marketing, España, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales y Turismo, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Galicia, Spain
Jose Fraiz Brea: Department of Business Organisation and Marketing, España, Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales y Turismo, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Universitario As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Galicia, Spain
Fernando Oliveira Tavares: REMIT-Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies, Department of Economics and Management, Universidade Portucalense, 4200-027 Porto, Portugal

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 8, 1-25

Abstract: Based on a literature review, the present article aims to present ecotourism as a transformative factor in the economic, social, cultural, and environmental contexts, revealing key elements for the sustainable development of ecotourism. To ensure that this objective is met, the review combines the insights of classical authors and many recent authors who have best addressed the subject. The review carefully selected consensual and contradictory arguments, reflecting on the relevance of each group, particularly in aspects such as the influence of emotional experience on behaviour and satisfaction, strategy and competitive advantage, cooperation and sustainability, and the influence of resilience on ecotourism. The impact of each perspective was presented without ignoring the major constraints that ecotourism faces in its search for a position in the tourism industry. This led the study to accept the fact that the active participation of the community is indispensable in the formula for the success of ecotourism. Some statistical data were consulted and analysed, which enabled the study to determine the quantitative impact of ecotourism on economic, social, and environmental life. In terms of benefits to communities, the review clarifies the fact that ecotourism serves as an instrument that mobilizes not only the additional value of products and services traded in the process, but also the return on investments and job creation. The combination of visiting activities with the involvement of tour guides contributes to maximizing profits in the destinations, thus supporting solid economic, social, and environmental development for the benefit of both ecotourism promoters and local communities. However, the analysis makes it clear that the economic, social, and environmental benefit depends on the degree of involvement of the local population. In terms of usability, for other studies, this review can contribute to the understanding and positioning of ecotourism in the search for a balance between satisfying socioeconomic and environmental interests. Additionally, it can serve as an aid to policy makers in their decisions related to ecotourism.

Keywords: ecotourism; environment; sustainability; socioeconomic development (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:8:p:1531-:d:1709784

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