Effect of Landscape Architectural Characteristics on LST in Different Zones of Zhengzhou City, China

Jiayue Xu, Le Xuan, Cong Li, Tianji Wu, Yajing Wang, Yutong Wang, Xuhui Wang () and Yong Wang
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Jiayue Xu: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Le Xuan: School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Cong Li: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Tianji Wu: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Yajing Wang: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Yutong Wang: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Xuhui Wang: College of Landscape Architecture & Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
Yong Wang: School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 8, 1-27

Abstract: The process of urbanization has intensified the urban heat environment, with the degradation of thermal conditions closely linked to the morphological characteristics of different functional zones. This study delineated urban functional areas using a multivariate dataset and investigated the seasonal and threshold effects of landscape and architectural features on land surface temperature (LST) through boosted regression tree (BRT) modeling and Spearman correlation analysis. The key findings are as follows: (1) LST exhibits significant seasonal variation, with the strongest urban heat island effect occurring in summer, particularly within industry, business, and public service zones; residence zones experience the greatest temperature fluctuations, with a seasonal difference of 24.71 °C between spring and summer and a peak temperature of 50.18 °C in summer. (2) Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) consistently demonstrates the most pronounced cooling effect across all zones and seasons. Landscape indicators generally dominate the regulation of LST, with their relative contribution exceeding 45% in green land zones. (3) Population density (PD) exerts a significant, seasonally dependent dual effect on LST, where strategic population distribution can effectively mitigate extreme heat events. (4) Mean building height (MBH) plays a vital role in temperature regulation, showing a marked cooling influence particularly in residence and business zones. Both the perimeter-to-area ratio (LSI) and frontal area index (FAI) exhibit distinct seasonal variations in their impacts on LST. (5) This study establishes specific indicator thresholds to optimize thermal comfort across five functional zones; for instance, FVC should exceed 13% in spring and 31.6% in summer in residence zones to enhance comfort, while maintaining MBH above 24 m further aids temperature regulation. These findings offer a scientific foundation for mitigating urban heat waves and advancing sustainable urban development.

Keywords: Boosted Regression Trees; urban functional zones; urban form; land surface temperature; indicator thresholds (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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