Multidimensional Urbanization and Its Links to Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emissions: Evidence from Chinese Cities

Xiaoye You, Penggen Cheng (), Haiqing He and Congyi Li
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Xiaoye You: School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
Penggen Cheng: School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
Haiqing He: School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
Congyi Li: School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 8, 1-19

Abstract: This study develops an integrated analytical framework to examine the interplay of urbanization, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions at the city level in China. Utilizing the Entropy-TOPSIS method for multidimensional urbanization measurement, the GM_Combo model for spatial spillover analysis, and Random Forest for identifying emission drivers, we analyze data from 282 Chinese cities from 2006 to 2020. Results reveal significant hierarchical differences in urbanization, with K-means clustering identifying high, medium, and low urbanization groups reflecting diverse regional development pathways. Energy consumption increasingly drives emissions, while urbanization’s influence declines, indicating partial decoupling. Strong spatial spillovers highlight the need for regional coordination. Ecological assets provide moderate mitigation effects. These findings contribute to the literature by introducing a multidimensional urbanization index, uncovering nonlinear energy–emissions dynamics, and quantifying intercity spillovers, offering empirical support for tailored low-carbon policies and sustainable urban governance.

Keywords: urbanization; energy consumption; CO 2 emissions; spatial spillover; ecological mitigation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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