Identifying Trade-Offs and Synergies in Land Use Functions and Exploring Their Driving Mechanisms in Plateau Mountain Urban Agglomerations: A Case Study of the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration

Zhiyuan Ma, Yilin Lin (), Junsan Zhao, Han Xue and Xiaojing Li
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Zhiyuan Ma: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Yilin Lin: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Junsan Zhao: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Han Xue: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Xiaojing Li: Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 9, 1-26

Abstract: Revealing the trade-offs, synergies, and driving mechanisms among land use functions is essential for mitigating conflicts between functions, optimizing territorial spatial patterns, and providing policy support for regional sustainable development. Taking the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration as a case study, this study adopts a grid-based evaluation unit and employs a multi-model fusion approach to systematically analyze the interaction mechanisms among land use functions. By integrating the Pearson correlation method and root mean square deviation (RMSD) model, the trade-off and synergy relationships and their spatiotemporal evolution were quantitatively assessed. The XGBoost–SHAP model and optimized parameter-based geographical detector (OPGD) were introduced to identify the nonlinear characteristics and interaction effects of influencing factors on land use function trade-offs and synergies. In addition, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore spatial heterogeneity in these effects. The results indicate that (1) from 2010 to 2020, the overall synergy between production and ecological functions (PF&EF) in the urban agglomeration was enhanced, while trade-offs between production and living functions (PF&LF) intensified, and the trade-off intensity between living and ecological functions (LF&EF) decreased. Significant spatial heterogeneity exists among land use function interactions: PF&EF and PF&LF trade-offs are concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the urban agglomeration, while LF&EF trade-offs are more scattered, mainly occurring in highly urbanized and ecologically sensitive areas; (2) the dominant factors influencing land use function trade-offs and synergies include precipitation, slope, land use intensity, elevation, NDVI, Shannon diversity index (SHDI), distance to county centers, and distance to expressways; (3) these dominant factors exhibit strong nonlinear effects and significant threshold responses in shaping trade-offs and synergies among land use functions; and that (4) compared with the OLS model, the GWR model demonstrated higher fitting accuracy. This reveals that the impacts of natural, socio-economic, and landscape pattern factors on land use function interactions are characterized by pronounced spatial heterogeneity.

Keywords: production–living–ecological function; trade-offs/synergies; influence factors; nonlinear coupling; threshold effect (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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