Assessing Survey Design for Long-Term Population Trend Detection in Piping Plovers

Eve Bohnett (), Jessica Schulz, Robert Dobbs, Thomas Hoctor, Bilal Ahmad, Wajid Rashid and J. Hardin Waddle
Additional contact information
Eve Bohnett: Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Florida, 348 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
Jessica Schulz: New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, 29 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03301, USA
Robert Dobbs: Wildlife Diversity Program, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 2000 Dulles Drive, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
Thomas Hoctor: Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Florida, 348 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
Bilal Ahmad: Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Swat, Mingora 19130, Pakistan
Wajid Rashid: Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Mingora 19130, Pakistan
J. Hardin Waddle: Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 9, 1-25

Abstract: Determining appropriate spatio-temporal scales for monitoring migratory shorebirds is challenging. Effective surveys must detect population trends without excessive or insufficient sampling, yet many programs lack formal evaluations of survey effectiveness. Using data from 2012 to 2019 on Louisiana’s barrier islands (Whiskey, west Raccoon, east Raccoon, and Trinity), we assessed how spatial and temporal scales influence population trend inference for piping plovers ( Charadrius melodus ). Point count data were aggregated to grid sizes from 50 to 200 m and analyzed using Bayesian dynamic occupancy models. We found occupancy and colonization estimates varied by spatial resolution, with space–time autocorrelation common across scales. Smaller islands (east and west Raccoon) yielded higher trend detection power due to better detectability, while larger islands (Trinity and Whiskey) showed lower power. Detectability, more than sampling frequency, drove trend inference. Models incorporating spatial autocorrelation outperformed traditional Frequentist approaches but showed poorer fit at coarser scales. These findings underscore how matching analytical scale to ecological processes and selecting appropriate models can influence predictions. Power analysis revealed that increasing survey frequency may improve inference, especially in low-detectability areas. Overall, our study highlights how careful scale selection, model diagnostics, and survey design can enhance monitoring efficiency and support long-term conservation of migratory shorebirds.

Keywords: population trends; population monitoring; piping plover; power analysis; dynamic occupancy; survey effort (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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