Explainable AI-Driven Integration of Water–Energy–Food Nexus into Supply–Demand Networks

Lei Cao, Haonan Zhang, Xueliang Yang, Chaoyu Zhang, Chengbin Xi, Yunlu Zhang () and Zhaowu Yu ()
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Lei Cao: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Haonan Zhang: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Xueliang Yang: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Chaoyu Zhang: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Chengbin Xi: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Yunlu Zhang: School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
Zhaowu Yu: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China

Land, 2025, vol. 14, issue 9, 1-24

Abstract: The supply–demand network facilitates regional sustainable development by optimizing resource flows and allocation within the Water–Energy–Food system. However, few studies have constructed such networks from a Water–Energy–Food Nexus (WEF Nexus) supply–demand perspective, and the key driving factors influencing network formation, along with their underlying mechanisms, remain poorly understood. To bridge this gap, we propose a new framework for constructing WEF Nexus supply–demand networks via explainable artificial intelligence (EAI). Taking the Bohai Rim urban agglomeration as an example, we identified the key factors affecting the long-term supply and demand of the WEF Nexus and their mechanisms using the XGBoost-SHAP model. By quantifying the magnitude and direction of these factors’ influences, we constructed supply–demand networks and further developed optimization strategies that consider complex factor interactions and distinct thresholds. Key findings include: (1) Identification of 114 stable supply sources and 128 chronic deficit sources, forming 472 high-efficiency and 296 standard supply–demand corridors, with 6 major supply potential zones delineated. (2) Precipitation, vegetation coverage, human activity intensity, cropland distribution, and temperature emerged as primary determinants in descending order of importance. (3) Synergistic analysis revealed significant negative interactions between human activity and precipitation/vegetation, but positive correlation with temperature, with distinct nonlinear thresholds across zones. Based on these findings, we proposed a differentiated optimization strategy. Our study constructs a supply–demand network from the perspective of the WEF Nexus and highlights the importance of threshold effects and interactions among key factors in the construction and optimization of the network. The research results are also applicable to other urban agglomerations facing similar challenges.

Keywords: Water–Energy–Food Nexus; explainable artificial intelligence; ecosystem service; supply–demand network; Bohai rim urban agglomeration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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