Centralized vs. Decentralized Black-Mass Production: A Comparative Analysis of Lithium Reverse Logistics Supply Chain Networks

Oluwatosin S. Atitebi and Erick C. Jones ()
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Oluwatosin S. Atitebi: Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 West 1st Street, Arlington, TX 76019-0017, USA
Erick C. Jones: Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 West 1st Street, Arlington, TX 76019-0017, USA

Logistics, 2025, vol. 9, issue 3, 1-18

Abstract: Background : The transition to renewable energy is intensifying demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), thereby increasing the need for sustainable lithium sourcing. Traditional mining practices pose environmental and health risks, which can be mitigated through efficient end-of-life recycling systems. Methods : This study proposes a modified lithium reverse logistics network that decentralizes black-mass production at distributed facilities before centralized extraction, contrasting with conventional models that transport raw LIBs directly to central processing sites. Using the United States as a case study, two mathematical optimization (mixed-integer linear programming) models were developed to compare the traditional and modified networks in terms of cost efficiency and carbon emissions. Results : The model indicates that the proposed network significantly reduces both operational costs and emissions. Conclusions : This study highlights its potential to support a greener economy and inform policy development.

Keywords: reverse logistics network; circular economy; mixed-integer linear programming; lithium-ion batteries; black mass; battery and critical mineral recycling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L8 L80 L81 L86 L87 L9 L90 L91 L92 L93 L98 L99 M1 M10 M11 M16 M19 R4 R40 R41 R49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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