Analysis of the FO Transformation in the Lattice-Based Post-Quantum Algorithms

Miguel Ángel González de la Torre (), Luis Hernández Encinas and Araceli Queiruga-Dios
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Miguel Ángel González de la Torre: Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
Luis Hernández Encinas: Instituto de Tecnologías Físicas y de la Información (ITEFI), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
Araceli Queiruga-Dios: Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), 37008 Salamanca, Spain

Mathematics, 2022, vol. 10, issue 16, 1-20

Abstract: Newer variants of the Fujisaki–Okamoto transformation are used in most candidates of the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography standardization call in the category of public key encryption schemes. These transformations are applied to obtain a highly secure key encapsulation mechanism from a less secure public key encryption scheme. Furthermore, there are five candidates (three finalists and two alternatives) that passed to the third round of the process and whose security is based in lattice problems. This work analyzes the different ways in which the lattice-based candidates of the NIST call apply the Fujisaki–Okamoto transformation and the particularities of each application. The study of such differences and their repercussion in the design of the proposals will allow a better understanding of the algorithms. Moreover, we propose a modification of the Kyber algorithm—the only public key encryption candidate established as a PQC standard by NIST in its more recent publication—in order to avoid the re-encryption in the decapsulation algorithm and, in this way, to reduce the side channel attacks vulnerability.

Keywords: Fujisaki–Okamoto transformation; key encapsulation mechanism; lattice-based cryptography; post-quantum cryptography; public key encryption (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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