Scattering and Attenuation in 5G Electromagnetic Propagation (5 GHz and 25 GHz) in the Presence of Rainfall: A Numerical Study

Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas, Carlos Couder-Castañeda, Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez () and Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar
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Gabriela Aurora Yáñez-Casas: Centro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, Mexico
Carlos Couder-Castañeda: Centro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, Mexico
Jorge Javier Hernández-Gómez: Centro de Desarrollo Aeroespacial, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Belisario Domínguez 22, Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, Mexico
Mauro Alberto Enciso-Aguilar: Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Unidad Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional “Adolfo López Mateos”, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07738, Mexico

Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, issue 19, 1-32

Abstract: Rainfall has always been a concern for wireless communications systems. As 5G technology relies on high-frequency bands, it is fundamental to model and simulate the interaction of such radio waves with rainfall, as the deployment of large-scale infrastructure for 5G is highly expensive. This research presents a reformulation of the Maxwell equations for a bi-dimensional space in a transverse electric propagation mode, for a linear, inhomogeneous, and isotropic propagation medium with its magnetic and electric properties dependent on time. This reformulation was solved using the Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD) method with the Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML) boundary condition. Two main frequency propagation scenarios were studied: 5 GHz (corresponding to Wi-Fi in the 802.11n standard as well as to the lowest bands of 5G) and 25 GHz (corresponding to 5G), within a 10 m × 3 m rectangular domain in air and with rain. The rainfall was simulated using a parallel Ziggurat algorithm. According to the findings, while 5 GHz waves experience scattering processes, 25 GHz waves experience substantial dispersion and attenuation throughout the domain in low- to moderate-intensity rain.

Keywords: Finite Differences in Time Domain (FDTD); Convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (CPML); fifth generation (5G); Ziggurat algorithm; meteorological phenomenon; dispersion; attenuation; high frequencies; electromagnetic wave propagation; rainfall; absorption (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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