Semi-Quantum Identification without Information Leakage

Chun-Wei Yang, Hung-Wen Wang, Jason Lin and Chia-Wei Tsai ()
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Chun-Wei Yang: Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, College of Humanities and Sciences, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung 406040, Taiwan
Hung-Wen Wang: Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, College of Humanities and Sciences, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung 406040, Taiwan
Jason Lin: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
Chia-Wei Tsai: Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, No.129, Sec. 3, Sanmin Rd., North Dist., Taichung 40401, Taiwan

Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, issue 2, 1-14

Abstract: In 2019, Zhou et al. proposed semi-quantum identification (also known as semi-quantum authentication, SQA), which proceeds under a measure-resend and measurement-free environment. However, Zhou et al.’s SQA protocol suffers from severe information leakages. An eavesdropper can obtain an intact authentication key without being detected under this environment. In particular, Zhou et al.’s measure-resend SQA protocol is vulnerable to double CNOT attacks, while the measurement-free SQA protocol is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Hence, this study reveals the severe security issues of Zhou et al.’s SQA protocol and proposes an improved protocol with guaranteed security. The proposed measure-resend SQA protocol is immune to double CNOT attacks. Since the photons sent back and forth are identical, Eve cannot obtain any information by cross-comparing these photons. In the proposed measurement-free SQA protocol, the eavesdropper cannot obtain the order of the transmitted photons because it was previously a pre-shared key to decide the order of the photons. Hence, the proposed measurement-free SQA protocol can withstand man-in-the-middle attacks.

Keywords: authentication; identification; semi-quantum; single photon; quantum cryptography (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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