Authentication of Counterfeit Hundred Ringgit Malaysian Banknotes Using Fuzzy Graph Method

Nurfarhana Hassan (), Tahir Ahmad (), Naji Arafat Mahat (), Hasmerya Maarof, Mujahid Abdullahi, Nur Farah Dina Ajid, Zarith Sofia Jasmi and Foo Keat How
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Nurfarhana Hassan: Mathematical Sciences Studies, College of Computing, Informatics, and Media, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, Malaysia
Tahir Ahmad: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Naji Arafat Mahat: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Hasmerya Maarof: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Mujahid Abdullahi: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Nur Farah Dina Ajid: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
Zarith Sofia Jasmi: Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Segamat 85000, Malaysia
Foo Keat How: Crime Investigation Department, Sentul District Police Headquarters, Royal Malaysia Police, Kuala Lumpur 51200, Malaysia

Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, issue 4, 1-12

Abstract: A banknote is a currency issued by a country, and it was first introduced in the 16th century. The counterfeiting of banknotes by cunning criminals became a great challenge with the current advanced technology. Forensic scientists are using chemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for differentiating genuine and counterfeit banknotes. However, the FTIR spectra of banknotes may require further pattern recognition analysis due to their high similarities. In this paper, a fuzzy graph-based algorithm for authentication of the FTIR spectrum, namely chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS), is used to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit hundred Ringgit Malaysian (RM100) banknotes. The results show that the genuine and counterfeit RM100 banknotes have slightly distinct patterns when analyzed using c-FACS. In addition, the results are compared with RM50 banknotes, and the results reveal that the nodes or dominant axis varies between the two banknotes. To verify the reliability of the results, the results obtained via c-FACS are compared with principal component analysis (PCA). The c-FACS showed better performances as compared to PCA in terms of time consumption and observation. Thus, the c-FACS has the ability to assist forensic investigations involving banknote counterfeiting crimes.

Keywords: graph; modeling; authentication; banknotes; forensic sciences (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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