X-STATIS: A Multivariate Approach to Characterize the Evolution of E-Participation, from a Global Perspective

Carmen C. Rodríguez-Martínez, Mitzi Cubilla-Montilla (), Purificación Vicente-Galindo and Purificación Galindo-Villardón
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Carmen C. Rodríguez-Martínez: Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824, Panama
Mitzi Cubilla-Montilla: Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824, Panama
Purificación Vicente-Galindo: Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
Purificación Galindo-Villardón: Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain

Mathematics, 2023, vol. 11, issue 6, 1-15

Abstract: This paper aims to categorize countries by their e-participation index, according to political, capacity, and governmental environment factors; examine how they are projected based on these factors; and analyze whether this projection corresponds to the current state of e-participation development. It is the first study to provide an overview of the e-participation level using multivariate analysis techniques for three-way data analysis, specifically, the X-STATIS methodology and cluster analysis. These techniques enable the simultaneous representation of countries, factors, conditions, trajectories, and groupings, taking into account national conditions in the evolution of e-participation from 2008 to 2016. The results show that when the conditions of each country interact with the level of e-participation development, and depending on the economic development, 7% of countries are lagging behind in e-participation evolution, given their institutional and political capacity. This delay is particularly relevant in countries that enjoy a higher level of socioeconomic status. Meanwhile, 38% are above the level they would correspond to.

Keywords: X-STATIS; multivariate statistics; e-participation; e-government; classification, clustering; human capital index; gross domestic product per capita (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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