An Overview of Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Channel Simulations with a Focus on the Monte Carlo Method

Intesar Ramley (), Hamdah M. Alzayed, Yas Al-Hadeethi, Mingguang Chen and Abeer Z. Barasheed
Additional contact information
Intesar Ramley: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Hamdah M. Alzayed: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Yas Al-Hadeethi: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Mingguang Chen: Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
Abeer Z. Barasheed: Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Mathematics, 2024, vol. 12, issue 24, 1-66

Abstract: Building a reliable and optimum underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system requires identifying all potential factors that cause the attenuation and dispersion of the optical signal. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) solution can be utilised to conclude these essential design parameters to build an optimum UOWC system. RTE has various numerical and simplified analytical solutions with varying reliability and capability scope. Many scientists consider the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to be a consistent and widely accepted approach to formulating an RTE solution, which models the propagation of photons through various underwater channel environments. MCS recently attracted attention because we can build a reliable model for underwater environments. Based on such a model, this report demonstrates the resulting received optical power distribution as an output for an array of emulation inputs, including transmitted light’s spatial and temporal distribution, channel link regimes, and associated impairments. This study includes a survey component, which presents the required framework’s foundation to establish a valid RTE model, which leads to solutions with different scopes and depths that can be drawn for practical UOWC use cases. Hence, this work shows how underlying modelling elements can influence a solution technique, including inherent optical properties (IOPs), apparent optical properties (AOPs), and the potential limitations of various photon scattering function formats. The work introduces a novel derivation of mathematical equations for single- and multiple-light-pulse propagation in homogeneous and inhomogeneous channels, forming the basis for MCS-based UOWC studies. The reliability of MCS implementation is assessed using compliance with the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and leveraging the Henyey–Greenstein phase function with full-scale random selection. As part of the tutorial component in this work, the MCS inner working is manifested using an object-oriented design method. Therefore, this work targets researchers interested in using MCS for UOWC research in general and UOWC photon propagation in seawater channel modelling in general.

Keywords: underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC); inherent optical properties (IOPs); apparent optical properties (AOPs); Monte Carlo simulation (MCS); ray tracing; radiative transfer equation (RTE) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/24/3904/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/12/24/3904/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:12:y:2024:i:24:p:3904-:d:1541512

Access Statistics for this article

Mathematics is currently edited by Ms. Emma He

More articles in Mathematics from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().