New Infinite Classes for Normal Trimagic Squares of Even Orders Using Row–Square Magic Rectangles

Can Hu and Fengchu Pan ()
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Can Hu: College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Fengchu Pan: College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

Mathematics, 2024, vol. 12, issue 8, 1-17

Abstract: As matrix representations of magic labelings of related hypergraphs, magic squares and their various variants have been applied to many domains. Among various subclasses, trimagic squares have been investigated for over a hundred years. The existence problem of trimagic squares with singly even orders and orders 16 n has been solved completely. However, very little is known about the existence of trimagic squares with other even orders, except for only three examples and three families. We constructed normal trimagic squares by using product constructions, row–square magic rectangles, and trimagic pairs of orthogonal diagonal Latin squares. We gave a new product construction: for positive integers p , q , and r having the same parity, other than 1, 2, 3, or 6, if normal p × q and r × q row–square magic rectangles exist, then a normal trimagic square with order pqr exists. As its application, we constructed normal trimagic squares of orders 8 q 3 and 8 pqr for all odd integers q not less than 7 and p , r ∈ {7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37}. Our construction can easily be extended to construct multimagic squares.

Keywords: trimagic square; row–square magic rectangle; trimagic pair; product construction; diagonal Latin square; hypergraph; magic labeling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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