Automated Quality Control of Candle Jars via Anomaly Detection Using OCSVM and CNN-Based Feature Extraction

Azeddine Mjahad () and Alfredo Rosado-Muñoz ()
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Azeddine Mjahad: GDDP, Department Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
Alfredo Rosado-Muñoz: GDDP, Department Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 15, 1-31

Abstract: Automated quality control plays a critical role in modern industries, particularly in environments that handle large volumes of packaged products requiring fast, accurate, and consistent inspections. This work presents an anomaly detection system for candle jars commonly used in industrial and commercial applications, where obtaining labeled defective samples is challenging. Two anomaly detection strategies are explored: (1) a baseline model using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as an end-to-end classifier and (2) a hybrid approach where features extracted by CNNs are fed into One-Class classification (OCC) algorithms, including One-Class SVM (OCSVM), One-Class Isolation Forest (OCIF), One-Class Local Outlier Factor (OCLOF), One-Class Elliptic Envelope (OCEE), One-Class Autoencoder (OCAutoencoder), and Support Vector Data Description (SVDD). Both strategies are trained primarily on non-defective samples, with only a limited number of anomalous examples used for evaluation. Experimental results show that both the pure CNN model and the hybrid methods achieve excellent classification performance. The end-to-end CNN reached 100% accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC. The best-performing hybrid model CNN-based feature extraction followed by OCIF also achieved 100% across all evaluation metrics, confirming the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Other OCC algorithms consistently delivered strong results, with all metrics above 95%, indicating solid generalization from predominantly normal data. This approach demonstrates strong potential for quality inspection tasks in scenarios with scarce defective data. Its ability to generalize effectively from mostly normal samples makes it a practical and valuable solution for real-world industrial inspection systems. Future work will focus on optimizing real-time inference and exploring advanced feature extraction techniques to further enhance detection performance.

Keywords: automated quality control; anomaly detection; CNNs; OCC; OCSVM; OCIF; OCEE; OCLOF; OCAutoencoder; SVDD; GridSearchCV; RandomizedSearchCV; Bayesian optimization; genetic algorithms; industrial computer vision; candle jar inspection (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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