A Novel Method for Virtual Real-Time Cumuliform Fluid Dynamics Simulation Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks

Carlos Jiménez de Parga (), Sergio Calo, José Manuel Cuadra, Ángel M. García-Vico and Rafael Pastor Vargas
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Carlos Jiménez de Parga: National Distance Education University (UNED), 30203 Cartagena, Spain
Sergio Calo: Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
José Manuel Cuadra: Department of Artificial Intelligence, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
Ángel M. García-Vico: Department of Computer Science, Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Rafael Pastor Vargas: Department of Communication Systems and Control, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 17, 1-31

Abstract: The real-time simulation of atmospheric clouds for the visualisation of outdoor scenarios has been a computer graphics research challenge since the emergence of the natural phenomena rendering field in the 1980s. In this work, we present an innovative method for real-time cumuli movement and transition based on a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Specifically, an LSTM, a GRU and an Elman RNN network are trained on time-series data generated by a parallel Navier–Stokes fluid solver. The training process optimizes the network to predict the velocity of cloud particles for the subsequent time step, allowing the model to act as a computationally efficient surrogate for the full physics simulation. In the experiments, we obtained natural-looking behaviour for cumuli evolution and dissipation with excellent performance by the RNN fluid algorithm compared with that of classical finite-element computational solvers. These experiments prove the suitability of our ontogenetic computational model in terms of achieving an optimum balance between natural-looking realism and performance in opposition to computationally expensive hyper-realistic fluid dynamics simulations which are usually in non-real time. Therefore, the core contributions of our research to the state of the art in cloud dynamics are the following: a progressively improved real-time step of the RNN-LSTM fluid algorithm compared to the previous literature to date by outperforming the inference times during the runtime cumuli animation in the analysed hardware, the absence of spatial grid bounds and the replacement of fluid dynamics equation solving with the RNN. As a consequence, this method is applicable in flight simulation systems, climate awareness educational tools, atmospheric simulations, nature-based video games and architectural software.

Keywords: deep recurrent neural networks; cloud dynamics (AI); natural phenomena simulation; virtual reality; computer games; volumetric rendering; digital cultural heritage (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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