On the Autonomic Control of Heart Rate Variability: How the Mean Heart Rate Affects Spectral and Complexity Analysis and a Way to Mitigate Its Influence

Paolo Castiglioni (), Antonio Zaza, Giampiero Merati and Andrea Faini
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Paolo Castiglioni: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
Antonio Zaza: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
Giampiero Merati: Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
Andrea Faini: Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20149 Milan, Italy

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 18, 1-22

Abstract: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis allows for assessing autonomic control from the beat-by-beat dynamics of the time series of cardiac intervals. However, some HRV indices may strongly correlate with the mean heart rate, possibly flawed by the interpretation of HRV changes in terms of autonomic control. Therefore, this study aims to (1) investigate how HRV indices of fluctuation amplitude and multiscale complex dynamics of cardiac time series faithfully describe the autonomic control at different heart rates through a mathematical model of the generation of cardiac action potentials driven by realistically synthesized autonomic modulations; and (2) propose an alternative procedure of HRV analysis less sensitive to the mean heart rate. Results on the synthesized series confirm a strong dependency of amplitude indices of HRV on the mean heart rate due to a nonlinearity in the model, which can be removed by our procedure. Application of our procedure to real cardiac intervals recorded in different postures suggests that the dependency of these indices on the heart rate may importantly affect the physiological interpretation of HRV. By contrast, multiscale complexity indices do not substantially depend on the heart rate provided that multiscale analyses are defined on a time- rather than a beat-basis.

Keywords: detrended fluctuation analysis; multiscale entropy; self-similarity; power spectrum; supine; sitting; sympathetic; vagal tone; cardiac pacemaker; membrane potential (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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