A Robust Optimization Approach for E-Bus Charging and Discharging Scheduling with Vehicle-to-Grid Integration

Mingyu Kang, Bosung Lee and Younsoo Lee ()
Additional contact information
Mingyu Kang: Department of Industrial and Information Systems Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
Bosung Lee: Department of Industrial and Information Systems Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
Younsoo Lee: Department of Industrial and Information Systems Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea

Mathematics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 9, 1-25

Abstract: Electric buses (E-buses) are gaining popularity in urban transportation due to their environmental benefits and operational efficiency. However, large-scale integration of E-buses and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology introduces scheduling complexities for charging and discharging operations arising from uncertainties in energy consumption and load reduction requests. While prior studies have explored electric vehicle scheduling, few have considered robust optimization for E-bus fleets under uncertain parameters such as trip energy consumption and load reduction requests. This paper proposes a robust optimization approach for the charging and discharging scheduling problem at E-bus depots equipped with V2G. The problem is formulated as a robust mixed-integer linear program (MILP), incorporating real-world operational constraints including dual-port chargers, emergency charging, and demand response. A budgeted uncertainty set is used to model uncertainty in energy consumptions and discharging requests, providing a balance between robustness and conservatism. To ensure tractability, the robust counterpart is reformulated into a solvable MILP using duality theory. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through extensive computational experiments, including simulation-based performance assessments and out-of-sample tests. Experiment results demonstrate superior profitability and reliability compared to deterministic and box-uncertainty models, highlighting the practical effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Keywords: robust optimization; scheduling; Vehicle-to-Grid; electric bus (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/9/1380/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/9/1380/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:13:y:2025:i:9:p:1380-:d:1641024

Access Statistics for this article

Mathematics is currently edited by Ms. Emma He

More articles in Mathematics from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().