Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies

Jeongbeen Park, Juwon Lee, In-Tae Shim, Eunju Kim, Sook-Hyun Nam, Jae-Wuk Koo and Tae-Mun Hwang ()
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Jeongbeen Park: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajung-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
Juwon Lee: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, Thompson Engineering Building, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
In-Tae Shim: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajung-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
Eunju Kim: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si 10223, Republic of Korea
Sook-Hyun Nam: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si 10223, Republic of Korea
Jae-Wuk Koo: Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-Ro, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si 10223, Republic of Korea
Tae-Mun Hwang: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajung-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea

Resources, 2025, vol. 14, issue 2, 1-19

Abstract: The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) markets for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage has exponentially increased lithium demand, driving research into sustainable extraction methods. Traditional lithium recovery from brine using evaporation ponds is resource intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and causing severe environmental issues. In response, Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies have emerged as more efficient, eco-friendly alternatives. This review explores two promising electrochemical DLE methods: Electrodialysis (ED) and Capacitive Deionization (CDI). ED employs ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), such as cation exchange membranes, to selectively transport lithium ions from sources like brine and seawater and achieves high recovery rates. IEMs utilize chemical and structural properties to enhance the selectivity of Li + over competing ions like Mg 2+ and Na + . However, ED faces challenges such as high energy consumption, membrane fouling, and reduced efficiency in ion-rich solutions. CDI uses electrostatic forces to adsorb lithium ions onto electrodes, offering low energy consumption and adaptability to varying lithium concentrations. Advanced variants, such as Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) and Flow Capacitive Deionization (FCDI), enhance ion selectivity and enable continuous operation. MCDI incorporates IEMs to reduce co-ion interference effects, while FCDI utilizes liquid electrodes to enhance scalability and operational flexibility. Advancements in electrode materials remain crucial to enhance selectivity and efficiency. Validating these methods at the pilot scale is crucial for assessing performance, scalability, and economic feasibility under real-world conditions. Future research should focus on reducing operational costs, developing more durable and selective electrodes, and creating integrated systems to enhance overall efficiency. By addressing these challenges, DLE technologies can provide sustainable solutions for lithium resource management, minimize environmental impact, and support a low-carbon future.

Keywords: direct lithium extraction (DLE); electrodialysis (ED); capacitive deionization (CDI); electrochemical technology; sustainable resource management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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