Bio-Waste to Bioenergy: Critical Assessment of Sustainable Energy Supply Chain in Egypt

Noha Said, Raid Alrowais, Mahmoud M. Abdel-Daiem () and Noha A. Mostafa ()
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Noha Said: Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
Raid Alrowais: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakakah 72388, Saudi Arabia
Mahmoud M. Abdel-Daiem: Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
Noha A. Mostafa: Industrial Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt

Resources, 2025, vol. 14, issue 8, 1-22

Abstract: This study analyses the potential electricity output from different bio wastes using various energy conversion technologies to enhance the share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it evaluates the carbon emissions mitigated by replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy, contributing to efforts to reduce environmental pollution. The findings reveal that Egypt’s annual biomass waste (BW) could total approximately 80 million tons, with the most significant contributions from agricultural crop residues and municipal solid waste (MSW). MSW incineration and crop residue combustion were found to have the highest power generation compared to other techniques. Additionally, the anaerobic digestion of various biomass types offers the benefits of lower greenhouse gas emissions while still generating significant energy. The electricity generation from different BW sources is approximately 49.14 TWh/year. This energy can be predominantly generated through direct combustion of agricultural crop residues (66%), incineration of MSW (29%), anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge (3%), and animal waste (2%). Furthermore, the reduction in carbon emissions from substituting fossil fuels with bioenergy is estimated at up to 30.47 million tons of CO 2 annually, supporting efforts to mitigate climate change and combat global warming.

Keywords: bio-waste; bioenergy; sustainable development; energy supply chain; environmental impact (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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