Downside Beta and Downside Gamma: In Search for a Better Capital Asset Pricing Model

Madiha Kazmi, Umara Noreen, Imran Abbas Jadoon and Attayah Shafique
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Madiha Kazmi: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
Umara Noreen: College of Business Administration, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
Imran Abbas Jadoon: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
Attayah Shafique: Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan

Risks, 2021, vol. 9, issue 12, 1-14

Abstract: In the financial world, the importance of “downside risk” and “higher moments” has been emphasized, predominantly in developing countries such as Pakistan, for a substantial period. Consequently, this study tests four models for a suitable capital asset pricing model. These models are CAPM’s beta, beta replaced by skewness (gamma), CAPM’s beta with gamma, downside beta CAPM (DCAPM), downside beta replaced by downside gamma, and CAPM with downside gamma. The problems of the high correlation between the beta and downside beta models from a regressand point of view is resolved by constructing a double-sorted portfolio of each factor loading. The problem of the high correlation between the beta and gamma, and, similarly, between the downside beta and downside gamma, is resolved by orthogonalizing each risk measure in a two-factor setting. Standard two-pass regression is applied, and the results are reported and analyzed in terms of R 2 , the significance of the factor loadings, and the risk–return relationship in each model. The risk proxies of the downside beta/gamma are based on Hogan and Warren, Harlow and Rao, and Estrada. The results indicate that the single factor models based on the beta/downside beta or even gamma/downside gamma are not a better choice among all the risk proxies. However, the beta and gamma factors are rejected at a 5% and 1% significance level for different risk proxies. The obvious choice based on the results is an asset pricing model with two risk measures.

Keywords: beta; downside risk; skewness; downside skewness; double sorting; orthogonalizing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C G0 G1 G2 G3 K2 M2 M4 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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