Inequalities and Asymmetries in the Development of Angola’s Provinces: The Impact of Colonialism and Civil War

João Adolfo Catoto Capitango, Mirtha Silvana Garat de Marin, Emmanuel Soriano Flores, Marco Rojo Gutiérrez (), Mónica Gracia Villar and Frigdiano Álvaro Durántez Prados
Additional contact information
João Adolfo Catoto Capitango: Department of Economics, Universidade Metodista de Angola, Luanda P.O. Box 1229, Angola
Mirtha Silvana Garat de Marin: Department of Extension, Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito P.O. Box 841, Angola
Emmanuel Soriano Flores: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
Mónica Gracia Villar: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain
Frigdiano Álvaro Durántez Prados: Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain

Social Sciences, 2022, vol. 11, issue 8, 1-18

Abstract: Angola, as with many countries on the African continent, has great inequalities or asymmetries between its provinces. At the economic, financial, and technological level, there is a great disparity between them, where it is observed that the province of Luanda is the largest financial business center to the detriment of others, such as Moxico, Zaire, and Cabinda. In the latter, despite the advantages of high oil production, from a regional point of view, they remain almost stagnant in time, in a social dysfunction where the population lives on extractivism and artisanal fishing. This article analyzes the most important events in contemporary regional history, the Portuguese occupation that was the Portuguese colonial rule over Angola (1890–1930) and the civil war that was a struggle between Angolans for control of the country (1975–2002), in the consolidation of the asymmetries between provinces. For this work, a theoretical-reflective study was conducted based on the reading of books, articles, and previous investigations on the phenomenon studied. Considering the interpretation and analysis of the theoretical content obtained through the bibliographic research conducted, this theoretical construction approaches the qualitative approach. We conclude that the deep inequalities between regions and within them, between the provinces studied, originated historically in the form of exploitation of the regions and from the consequences of the war. The asymmetries, observed through the variables studied show that the provinces historically explored and considered object regions present a lower growth compared to those that were considered subject regions in which the applied geopolitical strategy, as they are centers of primary production flows, was different. We also observe that, due to the conflicts of the civil war in the less developed regions, the inequalities have deepened, contributing seriously to a higher level of poverty and a lower development of the provinces where these conflicts took place.

Keywords: asymmetries; development provinces; object and subject region (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A B N P Y80 Z00 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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