Is It Really a Paradox? A Mixed-Methods, Within-Country Analysis of the Gender Gap in STEM Education

Islam Abu-Asaad, Maria Charles, Yariv Feniger (), Gila Manevich-Malul and Halleli Pinson
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Islam Abu-Asaad: School of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
Maria Charles: Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9430, USA
Yariv Feniger: School of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
Gila Manevich-Malul: School of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
Halleli Pinson: School of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel

Social Sciences, 2025, vol. 14, issue 4, 1-16

Abstract: It is well established that women’s representation in scientific and technical fields decreases with societal affluence, but the mechanisms underlying this so-called paradox remain contested. This study leverages distinctive features of the Israeli educational system to identify social psychological and organizational mechanisms driving contextual variability in the gendering of physics and computing subjects. Using in-depth interviews and original surveys, we compare gender gaps in ninth graders’ attitudes and aspirations across two highly segregated yet centrally administered state school sectors: one serving the socioeconomically marginalized Arab Palestinian minority, and one serving the Jewish secular majority. Results reveal curricular affinities, discourses, and course-taking patterns that are differentially gendered across school sectors. While boys and girls in Arab Palestinian schools report more instrumentalist motivations and more positive attitudes toward mathematically intensive fields, students in Jewish schools engage in highly gendered, self-reflexive discourses that support gendered course-taking. Findings support arguments positing gender-specific effects of postmaterialist, individualistic value systems, and suggest that the cultural and organizational processes that generate larger gender gaps in more affluent countries may also play out within countries.

Keywords: gender; STEM; technology; gender equality paradox; secondary education; Israel (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A B N P Y80 Z00 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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