The Early Divide: Access and Impact of ECE in Rural Versus Urban Settings in the USA

Omar Ebadur Rahman () and Yesim Sireli ()
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Omar Ebadur Rahman: Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
Yesim Sireli: Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA

Societies, 2025, vol. 15, issue 11, 1-23

Abstract: Early childhood education (ECE) fundamentally shapes children’s developmental trajectories, significantly influencing lifelong cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical outcomes. Despite considerable policy efforts aimed at enhancing educational equity across the United States, marked disparities persist between rural and urban contexts, reflecting deep-rooted structural inequalities rather than mere geographic differences. This integrative review systematically examines disparities in ECE access, quality, workforce conditions, infrastructural resources, and developmental outcomes, specifically comparing rural and urban settings. Utilizing Ecological Systems Theory, Capital Theory, and an Intersectional framework, the study identifies critical systemic determinants reinforcing rural educational inequities, exacerbated further by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The findings reveal chronic underfunding, fragmented governance, workforce instability, infrastructural inadequacies, and intersectional disadvantages disproportionately impacting rural communities. Based on these insights, this study proposes targeted, evidence-based policy recommendations, emphasizing the necessity for increased federal funding, mandated rural representation in policymaking, workforce stabilization incentives, infrastructural enhancements, and robust community partnerships. This research calls for immediate, systemic policy responses to ensure equitable early educational foundations for all children across diverse geographic contexts by bridging a significant research gap through a comprehensive rural–urban comparative lens.

Keywords: early childhood education; rural–urban disparities; school readiness; access and quality; educator workforce; broadband and infrastructure; intersectionality; United States (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A13 A14 P P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Z1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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