Qualitative Inquiry into Work-Related Distressing Experiences in Primary School Principals

Maria Karanikola (), Katerina Georganta, Katerina Kaikoushi, Virginia Sunday Koutroubas and Despoina Kalafati
Additional contact information
Maria Karanikola: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
Katerina Georganta: Department of Psychology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
Katerina Kaikoushi: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
Virginia Sunday Koutroubas: Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus
Despoina Kalafati: Department of Communication & Multimedia, University of West Macedonia, 82100 Kastoria, Greece

Societies, 2025, vol. 15, issue 2, 1-19

Abstract: Background: Excessive work-related demands and inadequate support systems are important risks for employees’ health status and quality of life. Although an abundance of data exists about leadership and the occupational health of various vocational groups, there are relatively few studies on leaders’ well-being and related psychosocial hazards in educational organizations, such as primary schools. Methods: Work-related distressing experiences in primary school principals focusing on associated factors and the impact of these experiences on them were investigated. A qualitative methodology with a census and purposeful sampling was applied, utilizing the inductive content analysis approach. Overall, 20 males and 6 females participated, all employed in a rural region of Greece. Following informed consent, data collection was achieved through three focus groups with repetitive interviews. Results: The absence of a robust and well-defined legal framework to govern the authority, duties, and responsibilities of principals, evident in the lack of legally established procedures and protocols, was identified as the root cause of the participants’ distressing experiences. Three distressing phenomena were identified: (a) Challenging interpersonal relations due to lack of a regulatory system regarding school functioning; (b) Current educational policy and legal framework, characterized by too many responsibilities and no adequate power; (c) Irrelevant topics and time frame for continuing education projects toward principals. Conclusions: The study findings highlight the critical challenges faced by primary school principals due to the absence of a clear legal framework and the instability of educational policies. The findings suggest that policy reforms are needed to provide principals with greater clarity in their roles and responsibilities. Additionally, addressing the constant changes in educational policy could help create a more stable and manageable school environment. A participatory action research project, including stakeholders from primary school leaders, managers, pupils, and parents, is proposed, focused on the development of a comprehensive plan to overcome the challenges of the current context, also aiming to enhance empathy in all parties.

Keywords: school principals; distressing experiences; stress; occupational health; health promotion; primary school; job demands; well-being (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A13 A14 P P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Z1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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