Mapping Occupational Stress and Burnout in the Probation System: A Quantitative Approach

Cristina Ilie (), Costel Marian Ionașcu and Andreea Mihaela Niță
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Cristina Ilie: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania
Costel Marian Ionașcu: Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Economic Statistics and Informatics Department, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania
Andreea Mihaela Niță: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania

Societies, 2025, vol. 15, issue 9, 1-34

Abstract: This study presents the first nationwide, system-level investigation of occupational stress and professional burnout among probation counselors in Romania, in the context of increasing caseloads, complex job demands and limited institutional support. Building on a comprehensive theoretical analysis, we employ a sociological research design involving a representative sample of 247 probation counselors from all 42 national probation services. Using the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Human Services Questionnaire, along with stress-related factors, we examine the prevalence, most important factors and typologies of burnout. Advanced quantitative techniques—including multiple linear regression, principal component analysis and K-means clustering—allow for a robust identification of key predictors of emotional exhaustion and three distinct psychosocial profiles: stress-resistant seniors, under involved younger staff and overworked, frustrated employees. We also conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to check the validity of the MBI-HSS. This typology offers a novel conceptual framework for understanding professional burnout in probation, highlighting systemic vulnerabilities and distinct risk categories. Nevertheless, limitations exist: self-reported data may underestimate stress, and omitting variables like resilience or work meaning constrains explanatory depth. Despite these constraints, this study addresses a significant gap in Romanian probation research and lays the foundation for future longitudinal and qualitative studies. These should incorporate psychological and organizational factors to improve targeted interventions and human resources strategies.

Keywords: probation system; burnout; occupational stress; sociological research; statistical analysis; psychosocial profiles; stress predictors; cluster analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A13 A14 P P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Z1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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