The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces

Muhammad Ihtisham, Shiliang Liu, Muhammad Owais Shahid, Nawab Khan, Bingyang Lv, Mohammad Sarraf, Siyad Ali, Longqing Chen, Yinggao Liu and Qibing Chen
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Muhammad Ihtisham: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Shiliang Liu: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Muhammad Owais Shahid: College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Nawab Khan: College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Bingyang Lv: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Mohammad Sarraf: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Siyad Ali: College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Longqing Chen: College of Horticulture and Forestry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
Yinggao Liu: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
Qibing Chen: College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China

Sustainability, 2020, vol. 12, issue 24, 1-16

Abstract: Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) turf is the most widely used turfgrass in urban landscapes. Large amounts of fertilizer are usually applied for maximum turf performance, while relatively little attention has been paid to efficient nutrient management of bermudagrass turf. The design opted for was a 3-factor and 5-level Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) consisting of 24 experimental runs in the greenhouse with response surface methodology (RSM) and simulated regression modeling. The experiment covered in this study was carried out at Sichuan Agricultural University with the objectives of understanding the interactive effects of nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on the bermudagrass integrated turf performance (ITP) and optimizing the amount of N, P, and K required for optimum turf performance during establishment. The qualitative and quantitative relationships between bermudagrass and fertilization significantly affected the ITP. The N, P, and K Fertilization significantly influenced the percent grass cover, turf height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and total chlorophyll content. Fertilization with N and P significantly enhanced the tiller length, turf density, color, and total protein levels. Root length was augmented with the application of P and K. We found that 3-D surface plots indicated significant interactive effects of NP, NK, and PK on the ITP. A simulation optimization and frequency analysis indicated that the optimal combined amounts of these nutrients were N: 26.0–27.6 g m −2 , P: 24.2–26.4 g m −2 , and K: 3.1–5.0 g m −2 during the establishment phase. The results suggest that optimized fertilization is key to sustainable nutrient management of bermudagrass integrated turf performance.

Keywords: bermudagrass turf management; sustainable agriculture; optimized fertilization; NPK; sustainable developmental goals; CCRD (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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