Common Factors of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Outbreak as Observed in Four Global Cities

Misato Uehara, Makoto Fujii, Kazuki Kobayashi, Yasuto Hayashi and Yuki Arai
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Misato Uehara: Research Center for Social Systems, Ina Campus, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
Makoto Fujii: Tonich Engineering Consultant, Osaka 530-0028, Japan
Kazuki Kobayashi: Research Center for Social Systems, Nagano Campus, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
Yasuto Hayashi: Research Center for Social Systems, Matsumoto Campus, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
Yuki Arai: Research Center for Social Systems, Ina Campus, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 11, 1-19

Abstract: Research focusing on stress change comparing before and after being affected by the first COVID-19 outbreak is still limited. This study examined the model between the stress changes during the first COVID-19 outbreak and social attributes (age, sex, occupation, etc.) among residents of four cities around the globe. We obtained 741 valid responses from the residents of London (11.5%), New York (13.8%), Amsterdam (11.7%), and Tokyo (53.4%), through a web-based questionnaire survey conducted in collaboration with a private research firm. We identified 16 statistically significant variables out of 36 explanatory variables, which explained a significant stress change compared to the pre-outbreak period. This result showed that whether living alone or not and the number of times going out for walk or jogging during the first COVID-19 outbreak were the explanatory variables with higher significance for the reduced stress. In addition, those who lived in a place different from their hometowns, who were dissatisfied with their work or their family relationships were more stressed, with statistically significant differences.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; resilience; walking; activity-range; urban; multivariate analysis; hometown; social relationships; outing frequency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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