Reducing the Waiting-On-Cement Time of Geopolymer Well Cement using Calcium Chloride (CaCl 2 ) as the Accelerator: Analysis of the Compressive Strength and Acoustic Impedance for Well Logging

Nurul Nazmin Zulkarnain, Syed Ahmad Farhan, Yon Azwa Sazali, Nasir Shafiq, Siti Humairah Abd Rahman, Afif Izwan Abd Hamid and Mohd Firdaus Habarudin
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Nurul Nazmin Zulkarnain: PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
Syed Ahmad Farhan: Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
Yon Azwa Sazali: PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
Nasir Shafiq: Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
Siti Humairah Abd Rahman: PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia
Afif Izwan Abd Hamid: Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
Mohd Firdaus Habarudin: PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor 43000, Malaysia

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 11, 1-18

Abstract: Geopolymer cement (GPC) is an aluminosilicate-based binder that is cost-effective and eco-friendly, with high compressive strength and resistance to acid attack. It can prevent degradation when exposed to carbon dioxide by virtue of the low calcium content of the aluminosilicate source. The effect of the concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) as the accelerator on the compressive strength and acoustic impedance of GPC for well cement, while exposed to high pressure and high temperatures, is presented. Fly ash from the Tanjung Bin power plant, which is categorized as Class F fly ash according to ASTM C618-19, was selected as the aluminosilicate source for the GPC samples. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were employed to activate the geopolymerization reaction of the aluminosilicate. Five samples with a density of 15 ppg were prepared with concentrations of CaCl 2 that varied from 1% to 4% by weight of cement. Findings revealed that the addition of 1% CaCl 2 is the optimum concentration for the curing conditions of 100 °C and 3000 psi for 48 h, which resulted in the highest compressive strength of the product. Results also indicate that GPC samples that contain CaCl 2 have a smaller range of acoustic impedance compared to that of ordinary Portland cement.

Keywords: accelerator; acoustic impedance; acoustic velocity; additive; calcium chloride; compressive strength; geopolymer cement; ordinary Portland cement; transit time; well cement (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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