Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood

Muhammad Azher Bhatti, Sosheel Solomon Godfrey, Ryan H. L. Ip, Chipo Kachiwala, Håvard Hovdhaugen, Liveness J. Banda, Moses Limuwa, Peter C. Wynn, Tormod Ådnøy and Lars Olav Eik
Additional contact information
Muhammad Azher Bhatti: Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), LANDSAM, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
Sosheel Solomon Godfrey: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
Ryan H. L. Ip: School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
Chipo Kachiwala: Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), Lilongwe P.O. Box 322, Malawi
Håvard Hovdhaugen: Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), Lilongwe P.O. Box 322, Malawi
Liveness J. Banda: Programmes Coordinating Office, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe P.O. Box 219, Malawi
Moses Limuwa: Programmes Coordinating Office, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe P.O. Box 219, Malawi
Peter C. Wynn: Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
Tormod Ådnøy: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
Lars Olav Eik: Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), LANDSAM, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 17, 1-19

Abstract: Agriculture is vital to global food production. Around 550 million smallholding households produce most of the world’s food, and many rely on livestock rearing for a living. Smallholder farms must survive and thrive to maintain and increase food production. Baseline information is vital for further extension service interventions. The goal of this Malawian study was to collect quantitative baseline data on crop and livestock production, agriproduct sales, and other indicators through a household survey, and to compare the efficacy (in terms of income) of using the concept of “Lead and Follow” farmer training programs. The baseline study survey was carried out in 44 sections of 11 extension planning areas from Malawi’s five districts (Dowa, Kasungu, Mchinji, Mzimba, and Rumphi). In total, 1131 smallholder households were interviewed. Crop production, livestock farming, and providing casual labor for others were all identified as significant sources of income for smallholders, implying that all agriproducts (the whole-farm approach) is equally important for improving smallholder livelihoods. On the one hand, the whole-farm approach should improve smallholders’ resilience regarding climate change and poverty. Lower agriproduct sales, on the other hand, indicated that links to the market were frequently poor but an increased market focus should help smallholders sell their produce at a fair margin. In terms of best practices adoption, both Lead and Follow farmers adopted similar farm practices (crops and livestock) to increase income. In general, no significant difference in income was calculated from many farm enterprises for both Lead and Follow farmers. However, the income from pigs and firewood was significantly higher for Follow farmers than for Lead farmers. Lead farmers reported significantly higher off-farm income sources. Significant changes are proposed to the “Lead farmer extension approach”.

Keywords: follow farmers; lead farmers; livelihood; market linkages; smallholder; sustainable production (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/17/9599/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/17/9599/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:17:p:9599-:d:622434

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().