Evolution of Green Space under Rapid Urban Expansion in Southeast Asian Cities

Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor, Hasifah Abdul Aziz, Siti Aisyah Nawawi, Rohazaini Muhammad Jamil, Muhamad Azahar Abas, Kamarul Ariffin Hambali, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Norfadhilah Ibrahim, Nur Hairunnisa Rafaai, Ron Corstanje, Jim Harris, Darren Grafius and Humberto L. Perotto-Baldivieso
Additional contact information
Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Hasifah Abdul Aziz: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Siti Aisyah Nawawi: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Rohazaini Muhammad Jamil: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Muhamad Azahar Abas: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Kamarul Ariffin Hambali: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Abdul Hafidz Yusoff: Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Norfadhilah Ibrahim: Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
Nur Hairunnisa Rafaai: Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Ron Corstanje: School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
Jim Harris: School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
Darren Grafius: School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
Humberto L. Perotto-Baldivieso: Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 21, 1-20

Abstract: Globally, rapid urban expansion has caused green spaces in urban areas to decline considerably. In this study, the rapid expansion of three Southeast Asia cities were considered, namely, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Metro Manila, Philippines. This study evaluates the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of urban areas and green space structure in the three cities over the last two decades. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of the cities (1988/1989, 1999 and 2014) were developed based on 30-m resolution satellite images. The changes in the landscape and spatial structure were analysed using change detection, landscape metrics and statistical analysis. The percentage of green space in the three cities reduced in size from 45% to 20% with the rapid expansion of urban areas over the 25-year period. In Metro Manila and Jakarta, the proportion of green space converted to urban areas was higher in the initial 1989 to 1999 period than over the latter 1999 to 2014 period. Significant changes in green space structure were observed in Jakarta and Metro Manila. Green space gradually fragmented and became less connected and more unevenly distributed. These changes were not seen in Kuala Lumpur City. Overall, the impact of spatial structure of urban areas and population density on green space is higher in Jakarta and Metro Manila when this is compared to Kuala Lumpur. Thus, the results have the potential to clarify the relative contribution of green space structure especially for cities in Southeast Asia where only a few studies in urban areas have taken place.

Keywords: green space; rapid urban expansion; Southeast Asia cities; spatiotemporal pattern (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (7)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12024/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12024/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:21:p:12024-:d:669022

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().