Hemarthria compressa—Aspergillus niger—Trichoderma pseudokoningii Mediated Trilateral Perspective for Bioremediation and Detoxification of Industrial Paper Sludge

Sheza Ayaz Khilji, Muhammad Aqeel, Muhammad Faisal Maqsood, Noreen Khalid, Aasma Tufail, Zahoor Ahmad Sajid, Ameena A. Al-Surhanee, Mohamed Hashem, Saad Alamri, Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi and Ali Noman
Additional contact information
Sheza Ayaz Khilji: Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
Muhammad Aqeel: State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Muhammad Faisal Maqsood: Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
Noreen Khalid: Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
Aasma Tufail: Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
Zahoor Ahmad Sajid: Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
Ameena A. Al-Surhanee: Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed Hashem: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
Saad Alamri: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi: Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Ali Noman: Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 21, 1-20

Abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different fungal species on the metal uptake from paper sludge by Hemarthria compressa L. Paper sludge (PS) in various concentrations (0, 30% and 60%) were used with four treatments of two fungal species (F0 = Control, F1 = Aspergillus niger , F2 = Trichoderma pseudokoningii , F3 = A. niger + T. pseudokoningii ). Paper sludge as rooting medium steadily influenced growth and physio-biochemical attributes of H. compressa in F0. Results revealed discrete variations in growth attributes with different PS concentrations and each fungal treatment. The maximum damages in ionic homeostasis (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) due to PS toxicity were evident in parallel with declined chlorophyll concentration. The highest growth, total chlorophyll and biomass of the plants were observed when PS was treated with combined fungal strains (F3). Translocation factor decreased with F3 that is indicative of changes in Cd, Pb, and Cu movement to shoot from root. The plants with combined fungal treatment also showed greater catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activity. Ions, such as Ca, Mg, and Na, also increased gradually with combined fungal treatment. The correlation matrix displayed a close association among diverse fungal and PS levels with multiple plant attributes. PCA-Biplot confirmed the outcome of correlational analyses among different characters of H. compressa . The combined fungal mediate the extraction of heavy metals from the paper sludge by H. compressa recommends the high accumulation of heavy metal (HM) and possible reutilization of metal free sludge as a fertilizer, for application in cultivated fields. Furthermore, the effects of fungal species on HM attenuation in PS are linear and can be used in different habitats. Advancement in such research work will also be helpful in understanding the mechanisms and enhancing the ability of other native microbes to remediate metals.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger; microbes; heavy metals; paper sludge; phytoremediation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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