Control of Laser Scanner Trilateration Networks for Accurate Georeferencing of Caves: Application to El Castillo Cave (Spain)

Vicente Bayarri, Elena Castillo, Sergio Ripoll and Miguel A. Sebastián
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Vicente Bayarri: Manufacturing and Construction Engineering Department, ETS de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Elena Castillo: Department of Geographic Engineering and Techniques of Graphical Expression, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
Sergio Ripoll: Palaeolithic Studies Laboratory, Prehistory and Archaeology Department, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Avda. Senda del Rey 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Miguel A. Sebastián: Manufacturing and Construction Engineering Department, ETS de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 24, 1-54

Abstract: There is a growing demand for measurements of natural and built elements, which require quantifiable accuracy and reliability, within various fields of application. Measurements from 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner come in a point cloud, and different types of surfaces such as spheres or planes can be modelled. Due to the occlusions and/or limited field of view, it is seldom possible to survey a complete feature from one location, and information has to be acquired from multiple points of view and later co-registered and geo-referenced to obtain a consistent coordinate system. The aim of this paper is not to match point clouds, but to show a methodology to adjust, following the traditional topo-geodetic methods, 3DTLS data by modelling references such as calibrated spheres and checker-boards to generate a 3D trilateration network from them to derive accuracy and reliability measurements and post-adjustment statistical analysis. The method tries to find the function that best fits the measured data, taking into account not only that the measurements made in the field are not perfect, but that each one of them has a different deviation depending on the adjustment of each reference, so they have to be weighted accordingly.

Keywords: 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner; Global Navigation Satellite Systems; geomatics; 3D trilateration; least squares adjustment; cultural management; data processing; mapping (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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