A Pragmatic Controlled Trial of Forest Bathing Compared with Compassionate Mind Training in the UK: Impacts on Self-Reported Wellbeing and Heart Rate Variability

Kirsten McEwan, David Giles, Fiona J. Clarke, Yasu Kotera, Gary Evans, Olga Terebenina, Lina Minou, Claire Teeling, Jaskaran Basran, Wendy Wood and Dominic Weil
Additional contact information
Kirsten McEwan: College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
David Giles: Lattice Coaching and Training, Chesterfield S41 9AT, UK
Fiona J. Clarke: School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Yasu Kotera: Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
Gary Evans: The Forest Bathing Institute, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
Olga Terebenina: The Forest Bathing Institute, London WC2H 9JQ, UK
Lina Minou: College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
Claire Teeling: Grow Outside CIC, Cambridge CB22 3GN, UK
Jaskaran Basran: College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
Wendy Wood: College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
Dominic Weil: Dominic Weil, Sheffield, S2 5AS, UK

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 3, 1-19

Abstract: Forest Bathing, where individuals use mindfulness to engage with nature, has been reported to increase heart rate variability and benefit wellbeing. To date, most Forest Bathing studies have been conducted in Asia. Accordingly, this paper reports the first pragmatic controlled trial of Forest Bathing in the United Kingdom, comparing Forest Bathing with a control comprising an established wellbeing intervention also known to increase heart rate variability called Compassionate Mind Training. Sixty-one university staff and students (50 females, 11 males) were allocated to (i) Forest Bathing, (ii) Compassionate Mind Training or (iii) Forest Bathing combined with Compassionate Mind Training. Wellbeing and heart rate variability were measured at baseline, post-intervention and three-months follow-up. There were improvements in positive emotions, mood disturbance, rumination, nature connection and compassion and 57% of participants showed an increase in heart rate variability. There were no significant differences between conditions, showing that Forest Bathing had equivalence with an established wellbeing intervention. The findings will help healthcare providers and policy makers to understand the effects of Forest Bathing and implement it as a feasible social prescription to improve wellbeing. Future research needs to involve clinical populations and to assess the effects of Forest Bathing in a fully powered randomised controlled trial.

Keywords: Compassionate Mind Training; Forest Bathing; heart rate variability; nature connection; positive emotion; social prescribing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (9)

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