Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Imran, Jinlan Xu, Muhammad Sultan, Redmond R. Shamshiri, Naveed Ahmed, Qaiser Javed, Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan, Yasir Latif, Muhammad Usman and Riaz Ahmad
Additional contact information
Muhammad Ali Imran: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
Jinlan Xu: School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
Muhammad Sultan: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Redmond R. Shamshiri: Department of Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, 14469 Potsdam-Bornim, Germany
Naveed Ahmed: Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulations, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Qaiser Javed: School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Yasir Latif: Institute of Computer Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic
Muhammad Usman: Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 20173 Hamburg, Germany
Riaz Ahmad: College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China

Sustainability, 2021, vol. 13, issue 7, 1-13

Abstract: In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.

Keywords: surface drain system; design; drainage effluent; Pakistan (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/4080/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/7/4080/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:7:p:4080-:d:531149

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().