Assessment of Groundwater Quality and the Main Controls on Its Hydrochemistry in a Changing Climate in Morocco (Essaouira Basin)

Otman El Mountassir, Mohammed Bahir, Abdelghani Chehbouni, Driss Dhiba and Hicham El Jiar
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Otman El Mountassir: High Energy and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
Mohammed Bahir: High Energy and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
Abdelghani Chehbouni: International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Hay My Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
Driss Dhiba: International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Hay My Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
Hicham El Jiar: International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Hay My Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 13, 1-31

Abstract: Groundwater is essential for both water supply and environmental conservation, especially in semi-arid and desert areas. Managing groundwater resources requires a thorough understanding of groundwater characteristics and dynamics. The hydrogeochemical properties and evolution of groundwater in the Essaouira synclinal basin in northwest Morocco were studied in this research, with 105 water samples collected in 2009, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) were developed to determine groundwater quality for consumption and irrigation purposes. The chemical evolution of groundwater is mainly dominated by evaporite, mineral carbonate dissolutions, and cation exchange. Contamination by nitrates is particularly severe in agricultural and tourist areas. The WQI of the 2019 campaign showed that 6.7% of groundwater samples are unsuitable for drinking; 76.7% are poor quality water; and 13.3% are very poor-quality water; while only 3.3% are drinkable. According to IWQI, the total study area has been split into 50% (good), 43.3% (bad), and 6.6% (unfit), respectively, and no excellent groundwater areas have been identified. Therefore, the water is suitable for agriculture but must be treated for drinking. The presence of evaporation and maritime intrusion and the contribution of recent precipitations to aquifer recharging were demonstrated by stable isotope content.

Keywords: WQI; groundwater quality; Essaouira basin; IWQI; hydrogeochemical processes; irrigation; stable isotope; climate change (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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