A Comprehensive Study of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Soil Temperature Prediction in Ordinary Climate Conditions and Extremely Hot Events

Hanifeh Imanian, Juan Hiedra Cobo, Pierre Payeur, Hamidreza Shirkhani and Abdolmajid Mohammadian
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Hanifeh Imanian: School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
Juan Hiedra Cobo: National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
Pierre Payeur: Computer Science Engineering Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
Hamidreza Shirkhani: National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
Abdolmajid Mohammadian: School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 13, 1-25

Abstract: Soil temperature is a fundamental parameter in water resources and irrigation engineering. A cost-effective model that can accurately forecast soil temperature is urgently needed. Recently, many studies have applied artificial intelligence (AI) at both surface and underground levels for soil temperature predictions. In the present study, attempts are made to deliver a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the performance of a wide range of AI approaches in soil temperature prediction. In this regard, thirteen approaches, from classic regressions to well-established methods of random forest and gradient boosting to more advanced AI techniques, such as multi-layer perceptron and deep learning, are taken into account. Meanwhile, great varieties of land and atmospheric variables are applied as model inputs. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on input climate variables to determine the importance of each variable in predicting soil temperature. This examination reduced the number of input variables from 8 to 7, which decreased the simulation load. Additionally, this showed that air temperature and solar radiation play the most important roles in soil temperature prediction, while precipitation can be neglected in forecast AI models. The comparison of soil temperature predicted by different AI models showed that deep learning demonstrated the best performance with R-squared of 0.980 and NRMSE of 2.237%, followed by multi-layer perceptron with R-squared of 0.980 and NRMSE of 2.266%. In addition, the performance of developed AI models was evaluated in extremely hot events since heat warnings are essential to protect lives and properties. The assessment showed that deep learning and multi-layer perceptron methods still have the best prediction. However, their R-squared decreased to 0.862 and 0.859, and NRMSE increased to 6.519% and 6.601%, respectively.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; climate prediction; deep learning; extreme heat events; multi-layer perceptron; neural network; regression; soil temperature (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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