Rainfall Variability and Tidal Inundation Influences on Mangrove Greenness in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia

Joko Prihantono, Takashi Nakamura, Kazuo Nadaoka, Anindya Wirasatriya and Novi Susetyo Adi
Additional contact information
Joko Prihantono: School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Takashi Nakamura: School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Kazuo Nadaoka: School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Anindya Wirasatriya: Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
Novi Susetyo Adi: Marine Research Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jalan Pasir Putih II, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 14, 1-18

Abstract: Mangroves, which are vulnerable to natural threats and human activities on small islands in the tropics, play an essential role as carbon sinks, helping to mitigate climate change. In this study, we discussed the effect of natural factors on mangrove sustainability by analyzing the impact of rainfall, land surface temperature (LST), and tidal inundation on the greenness of mangroves in Karimunjawa National Park (KNP), Indonesia. We used Sentinel-2 image data to obtain the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) during the dry season to determine the effect of inundation on mangrove greenness and soil moisture. The tidal inundation area was calculated using topographic data from the KNP and tidal observations from the area adjacent to it. Unmanned autonomous vehicles and topographic data were used to estimate mangrove canopy height. We also calculated mangrove greenness phenology and compared it to rainfall from satellite data from 2019–2021. Results show that the intertidal area is dominated by taller mangroves and has higher NDVI and NDMI values than non-intertidal areas. We also observed that mangroves in intertidal areas are mostly evergreen, and optimum greenness in KNP occurs from February to October, with maximum greenness in July. Cross-correlation analysis suggests that high rainfall affects NDVI, with peak greenness occurring three months after high rainfall. The LST and NDVI cross-correlation showed no time lag. This suggests that LST was not the main factor controlling mangrove greenness, suggesting tides and rainfall influence mangrove greenness. The mangroves are also vulnerable to climate variability and change, which limits rainfall. However, sea-level rise due to climate change might positively impact mangrove greenness.

Keywords: Karimunjawa National Park; small islands; mangrove swamps; phenology; climate change (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8948/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/14/8948/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:14:p:8948-:d:868107

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().