On the Properties Evolution of Eco-Material Dedicated to Manufacturing Artificial Reef via 3D Printing: Long-Term Interactions of Cementitious Materials in the Marine Environment

Fouad Boukhelf, Nassim Sebaibi, Mohamed Boutouil, Adrian I. Yoris-Nobile, Elena Blanco-Fernandez, Daniel Castro-Fresno, Carlos Real-Gutierrez, Roger J. H. Herbert, Sam Greenhill, Bianca Reis, João N. Franco, Maria Teresa Borges, Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Pieter van der Linden, Oscar Babé Gómez, Hugo Sainz Meyer, Emanuel Almada, Rick Stafford, Valentin Danet, Jorge Lobo-Arteaga, Miriam Tuaty-Guerra and Alice E. Hall
Additional contact information
Fouad Boukhelf: Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France
Nassim Sebaibi: Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France
Mohamed Boutouil: Laboratoire de Recherche ESITC Caen, Communauté de la Normandie Université, 1 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Epron, France
Adrian I. Yoris-Nobile: Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
Elena Blanco-Fernandez: Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
Daniel Castro-Fresno: Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
Carlos Real-Gutierrez: Grupo GITECO, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
Roger J. H. Herbert: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
Sam Greenhill: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
Bianca Reis: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
João N. Franco: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Maria Teresa Borges: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Isabel Sousa-Pinto: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Pieter van der Linden: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Oscar Babé Gómez: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Hugo Sainz Meyer: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Emanuel Almada: Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4150-181 Porto, Portugal
Rick Stafford: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
Valentin Danet: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Dinard, CRESCO, 35800 Dinard, France
Jorge Lobo-Arteaga: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Divisão de Oceanografia e Ambiente Marinho, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
Miriam Tuaty-Guerra: CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
Alice E. Hall: School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Marine Institute, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 15, 1-14

Abstract: This paper deals with the evolution monitoring of biomass colonization and mechanical properties of 3D printed eco-materials/mortars immersed in the sea. Measurements of tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young’s modulus were determined on samples deployed along the Atlantic coast of Europe, in France, United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal. The samples were manufactured using 3D printing, where six mix designs with a low environmental impact binder were used. These mortars were based on geopolymer and cementitious binders (Cement CEM III), in which sand is replaced by three types of recycled sand, including glass, seashell, and limestone by 30%, 50%, and 100% respectively. The colonization of concrete samples by micro/macro-organisms and their durability were also evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of immersion. The results showed that both biomass colonization and mechanical properties were better with CEM III compared to geopolymer-based compositions. Therefore, the mixed design optimized according to mechanical properties show that the use of CEM III should be preferred over these geopolymer binders in 3D printed concrete for artificial reef applications.

Keywords: 3D printing; eco-material; artificial reefs; micro/macro-organisms; colonization; geopolymer binder (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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