A Review on Rain Signal Attenuation Modeling, Analysis and Validation Techniques: Advances, Challenges and Future Direction

Emmanuel Alozie, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Ibrahim Abdullahi, Aliyu D. Usman, Nasir Faruk, Imam-Fulani Yusuf Olayinka, Kayode S. Adewole, Abdulkarim A. Oloyede, Haruna Chiroma, Olugbenga A. Sowande, Lukman A. Olawoyin, Salisu Garba, Agbotiname Lucky Imoize (), Abdulwaheed Musa, Yinusa A. Adediran and Lawan S. Taura
Additional contact information
Emmanuel Alozie: Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Abubakar Abdulkarim: Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
Ibrahim Abdullahi: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria PMB 1061, Nigeria
Aliyu D. Usman: Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
Nasir Faruk: Department of Physics, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa PMB 048, Nigeria
Imam-Fulani Yusuf Olayinka: Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Kayode S. Adewole: Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Abdulkarim A. Oloyede: Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Haruna Chiroma: College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
Olugbenga A. Sowande: Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Lukman A. Olawoyin: Department of Telecommunication Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Salisu Garba: Department of Computer Science, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa PMB 048, Nigeria
Agbotiname Lucky Imoize: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos 100213, Nigeria
Abdulwaheed Musa: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete 241103, Nigeria
Yinusa A. Adediran: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
Lawan S. Taura: Department of Physics, Sule Lamido University, Kafin Hausa PMB 048, Nigeria

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 18, 1-65

Abstract: Radio waves are attenuated by atmospheric phenomena such as snow, rain, dust, clouds, and ice, which absorb radio signals. Signal attenuation becomes more severe at extremely high frequencies, usually above 10 GHz. In typical equatorial and tropical locations, rain attenuation is more prevalent. Some established research works have attempted to provide state-of-the-art reviews on modeling and analysis of rain attenuation in the context of extremely high frequencies. However, the existing review works conducted over three decades (1990 to 2022), have not adequately provided comprehensive taxonomies for each method of rain attenuation modeling to expose the trends and possible future research directions. Also, taxonomies of the methods of model validation and regional developmental efforts on rain attenuation modeling have not been explicitly highlighted in the literature. To address these gaps, this paper conducted an extensive literature survey on rain attenuation modeling, methods of analyses, and model validation techniques, leveraging the ITU-R regional categorizations. Specifically, taxonomies in different rain attenuation modeling and analysis areas are extensively discussed. Key findings from the detailed survey have shown that many open research questions, challenges, and applications could open up new research frontiers, leading to novel findings in rain attenuation. Finally, this study is expected to be reference material for the design and analysis of rain attenuation.

Keywords: attenuation; rain; frequency; communication; millimeter wave; microwave; ITU-R (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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