Assessment of Sand and Glass Industry in Saudi Arabia

Essam R. I. Mahmoud (), Awaluddin Mohamed Shaharoun, Abdulrahman Aljabri, Hamad Almohamadi and Mohammed Farhan
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Essam R. I. Mahmoud: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
Awaluddin Mohamed Shaharoun: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman Aljabri: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
Hamad Almohamadi: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Farhan: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 19, 1-11

Abstract: Although the economic value of glass products and its importance to the Saudi National Economy is vast, not much information is available about the current state of the art of the industry. Likewise, little information is available about geography, potential sites for mining sand and the sand quality. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by presenting a feasibility study of fabricating normal glass and glass ceramics from Saudi Arabia’s domestically available raw materials. It discusses the current status of the glass industry in Saudi Arabia and the Middle East region. It also gives a brief explanation about the sand topography in Saudi Arabia. In order to determine the feasibility of fabricating glass using these raw materials, experimental data on the fabrication of normal glass and glass ceramics from indigenously available raw materials was obtained and reported as part of the findings of this paper. Firstly, normal transparent glass was able to be fabricated without any apparent large defects using sand collected from the Ar Rayis region in Saudi Arabia. Four nano-sized crystallization catalysts, namely VC, WC, TiC and Y 2 O 3 , were added to the constituents of the glass in 3 wt.%. For VC, the crystallization process was limited. The glass ceramics of WC consisted of multi-dimensional edges crystals which covered all the matrix. Gray crystalline whiskers were obtained by addition of TiC. The Y 2 O 3 - glass ceramics consisted of multi-directionally rosette crystals. Finally, the microhardness values of the added crystallization catalysts glass ceramics were obtained and found to be much higher compared to normal glass. The results show that glass of high quality can be produced specifically for the Ar Rayis region which would be of interest to researchers, the glass industry personnel and potential investors.

Keywords: glass fabrication; Saudi Arabia; glass ceramics; sand; crystallization catalyst; microstructure (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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