Hydrogeotechnical Predictive Approach for Rockfall Mountain Hazard Using Elastic Modulus and Peak Shear Stress at Soil–Rock Interface in Dry and Wet Phases at KKH Pakistan

Ehtesham Mehmood (), Imtiaz Rashid, Farooq Ahmed, Khalid Farooq, Akbar Tufail and Ahmed M. Ebid
Additional contact information
Ehtesham Mehmood: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
Imtiaz Rashid: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
Farooq Ahmed: Department of Geological Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
Khalid Farooq: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
Akbar Tufail: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
Ahmed M. Ebid: Department of Structural Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11865, Egypt

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 24, 1-15

Abstract: Predicting the susceptibility of rockfall mountain hazards for block-in-matrix soils is challenging for critical steep cuts. This research illustrates a hydrogeotechnical approach for the prediction of rockfall triggering by performing laboratory tests on low-cohesive-matrix soil collected from steep slopes with 85° to 88° angles at the Tatta Pani site, Karakorum Highway (KKH), and then real-scale moisture-induced rockfall was conducted on site for the validation of laboratory data. Laboratory data of forty quick direct shear tests on samples collected from the field depicted a 3-fold drop in peak shear stress (P S ) at the soil–soil interface and a 9.3-fold drop at the soil–rock interface by varying the moisture content from 1% (taken as dry phase) to a critical laboratory moisture content (MC) LC of 21% (taken as wet phase). Similarly, a drop in the elastic modulus (E S ) was observed to be 5.7-fold at the soil–soil interface and 10-fold at the soil–rock interface for a variation of moisture content from 1 % to 21% for the matrix with a permeability (k) range of 3 × 10 −4 to 5.6 × 10 −4 m/s, which depicts the criticality of moisture content for the rockfall phenomenon. The critical moisture content evaluated in laboratory is validated by an innovative field-inundation method for thirty-two moisture-induced real-scale forced rockfall cases, which showed the rock-block triggering at field dry density (γ d ) f and the critical field moisture content (MC) FC of the matrix ranging from 1.78 g/cm 3 to 1.92 g/cm 3 , and 1.3% to 25.4%, respectively. Hydrogeotechnical relations, i.e., MC versus P S and E S , at the soil–rock interface are developed for the prediction of rockfall triggering. The proposed correlations may be helpful in the prediction of rockfall hazards by using expected rainfall in the field for disaster warning and landslide disaster prevention at ecological geotechnical engineering projects. The results revealed that the critical (MC) FC and (MC) LC are within 20%, depicting a good confidence level of the outcomes of this research.

Keywords: rockfall mountain hazard; peak shear stress; elastic modulus; ecological geotechnical engineering (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/24/16740/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/24/16740/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:24:p:16740-:d:1002670

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().