Resource Recycling Utilization of Distillers Grains for Preparing Cationic Quaternary Ammonium—Ammonium Material and Adsorption of Acid Yellow 11

Chengtao Li, Deyi Kong, Xiaolong Yao, Xiaotao Ma, Chunhui Wei and Hong Wang
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Chengtao Li: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
Deyi Kong: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
Xiaolong Yao: Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
Xiaotao Ma: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
Chunhui Wei: Liquor Making Biological Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
Hong Wang: Key Laboratory of Wuliangye-Flavor Liquor Solid-State Fermentation, China National Light Industry, Yibin 644000, China

Sustainability, 2022, vol. 14, issue 4, 1-24

Abstract: Using distillers grains (DG) as raw material after pre-treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and modified with cationic etherification agent 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), cationic quaternary ammonium distillers grains adsorption material (CDG) was successfully prepared. The optimal adsorption conditions were an adsorption temperature of 25 °C, adsorption time of 180 min, amount of adsorbent at 8.5 g/L, initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L, and pH of dye solution 7.0. The structure of CDG was characterized by FTIR, EDS, SEM, BET, ultraviolet spectrum analysis, and analysis of the zeta potential, while the adsorption mechanism was studied by adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. The results showed that CHPTAC modified the distillers grains successfully and induced the formation of CDG with a large number of pore structures and good adsorption effect. The highest adsorption yield was above 98%, while after eight rounds of adsorption–desorption experiments, the adsorption rate was 81.80%. The adsorption mechanism showed that the adsorption process of acid yellow 11 (AY11) by CDG conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, mainly with chemical and physical adsorption such as pore adsorption and electrostatic adsorption. Thermodynamics conforms to the Freundlich isothermal model, and the adsorption process is a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increasing process.

Keywords: distillers grains; acid dyes; adsorption mechanism; solid waste recycling utilization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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