Wave Power Trends over the Mediterranean Sea Based on Innovative Methods and 60-Year ERA5 Reanalysis

Emine Acar, Adem Akpınar (), Murat Kankal and Khalid Amarouche
Additional contact information
Emine Acar: Department of Civil Engineering, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
Adem Akpınar: Department of Civil Engineering, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
Murat Kankal: Department of Civil Engineering, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
Khalid Amarouche: Department of Civil Engineering, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 11, 1-18

Abstract: The present study aims to evaluate long-term wave power (P wave ) trends over the Mediterranean Sea using innovative and classical trend analysis techniques, considering the annual and seasonal means. For this purpose, the data were selected for the ERA5 reanalysis with 0.5° × 0.5° spatial resolution and 1 h temporal resolution during 60 years between 1962 and 2021. Spatial assessment of the annual and seasonal trends was first performed using the innovative trend analysis (ITA) and Mann–Kendall (MK) test. To obtain more detailed information, innovative polygon trend analysis (IPTA), improved visualization of innovative trend analysis (IV-ITA), and star graph methods were applied to annual, seasonal, and monthly mean P wave at 12 stations selected. The results allow us to identify an increasing trend above the 10% change rate with the innovative method and above the 95% confidence level with the Mann–Kendall test in mean wave power in the Levantine basin and the Libyan Sea at all timescales. The use of various innovative methods offered similar results in certain respects and complemented each other.

Keywords: wave power; trends; innovative trend analysis; Mann–Kendall; Mediterranean Sea (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/11/8590/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/11/8590/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:11:p:8590-:d:1155560

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().