The Development of Novel Ganoderic-Acid-Encapsulated Nanodispersions Using the Combination of Ultrasonic Cavitation and Solvent Evaporation through Response Surface Optimization

Wai Kit Cheng, Khang Wei Tan, Siah Ying Tang, Poh Guat Cheng, Cheng Heng Pang, Yang Tao and Sivakumar Manickam ()
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Wai Kit Cheng: School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
Khang Wei Tan: School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
Siah Ying Tang: Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
Poh Guat Cheng: Ganofarm R&D Sdn Bhd, Unit 01-01, Skypod Square, Persiaran Puchong Jaya, Puchong 47100, Malaysia
Cheng Heng Pang: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
Yang Tao: Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Sivakumar Manickam: Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei

Sustainability, 2023, vol. 15, issue 13, 1-20

Abstract: Ganoderic Acid (GA), a major bioactive compound isolated from the East Asian medicinal mushroom Ganoderma tsugae , is traditionally believed to have significant medicinal properties. GA is poorly soluble in water, which poses several challenges in terms of its formulation. In this study, Ganoderma tsugae extracts obtained through ethanol extraction were encapsulated in nanodispersions via ultrasonic cavitation and solvent evaporation to increase their bioavailability. The preparation route was thoroughly analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the interactions between the variables. Based on the results, the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) and the evaporation temperature significantly influenced the resulting particle size. In the optimized nanodispersions, GA was incorporated into a hydrophobic core with a particle size no greater than 200 nm and a very narrow particle distribution (namely, a polydispersity index of 0.289). Due to the high negative zeta potential (−45.9 mV), a very slow particle growth rate of 0.239% over short-term storage (14 days) was achieved. In addition, the zeta average remained virtually unchanged for 14 days at room temperature in solutions at different pH levels. In summary, this paper provides the first-ever demonstration that ultrasound cavitation in conjunction with solvent evaporation can be used to generate GA nanodispersions.

Keywords: ganoderic acid; nanodispersion; ultrasound; RSM; solvent evaporation; encapsulation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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